Digital Predistortion Training System

ABSTRACT

Techniques are provided herein for training a digital predistortion module in a wireless communication device. A controller identifies one or more participating wireless devices to participate in a training session during which the particular wireless device makes test transmissions and the one or more participating wireless devices make measurements based on reception of the test transmissions sent by the particular wireless device. The controller sends commands to the particular wireless device and to the one or more participating wireless devices to initiate the training session. The controller receives measurement data from the one or more participating wireless devices based on reception of the test transmissions from the particular wireless device during the training session and determines predistortion parameters for use by the particular wireless device based on the measurement data.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.12/686,566, filed Jan. 13, 2010, the entirety of which is incorporatedherein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present disclosure relates to wireless communication systems anddevices, and more particularly to digital predistortion in a wirelessdevice.

BACKGROUND

Digital predistortion (DPD) is a technique that deliberately distorts abaseband signal prior to upconversion and amplification for wirelesstransmissions. The distortion applied to the baseband signal is designedto cancel out non-linear distortions caused by the power amplifier inthe transmitter of the wireless device.

The predistortion module in the wireless device applies predistortion tothe baseband signal according to predistortion coefficients. Thus, thepredistortion coefficients used by the predistortion module need to becomputed so that the predistortion module properly cancels out thedistortion. There is room from improving the techniques by which thepredistortion coefficients are determined for use in a wireless device,such as in a wireless network access point device.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a wireless network comprising a pluralityof wireless network access point devices and a controller that isconfigured to initiate predistortion training sessions of an accesspoint device.

FIG. 2 is an example of a block diagram of a wireless network accesspoint device configured to be the support the predistortion trainingsession techniques described herein.

FIG. 3 is an example of a controller apparatus configured to initiatethe predistortion training session and to compute predistortionparameters.

FIGS. 4 and 5 are flow diagrams illustrating use of a cost function incomputing the predistortion parameters during a predistortion trainingsession.

FIGS. 6-8 depict flow charts for training and predistortion parameterscomputation process logic executed in the controller apparatus for apredistortion training session.

FIG. 9 is a flow chart depicting operations of a particular access pointdevice undergoing predistortion training and a participating accesspoint device in connection with obtaining adjacent channel powermeasurement data during a training session.

FIG. 10 is a flow chart depicting operations of a particular accesspoint device undergoing predistortion training and a participatingaccess point device in connection with obtaining error vector magnitudemeasurement data during a training session.

FIG. 11 is a flow chart depicting a process in a access point device toscale a baseband transmit signal prior to predistortion to account fortransmit power variations across predistortion parameters.

DESCRIPTION OF EXAMPLE EMBODIMENTS

Overview

Techniques are provided herein for training a digital predistortionmodule in a wireless communication device. At a controller apparatusthat is capable of communicating with a plurality of wireless devices, aparticular wireless device that requires adjustment of predistortionparameters is identified. The controller also identifies one or moreparticipating wireless devices to participate in a training sessionduring which the particular wireless device makes test transmissions andthe one or more participating wireless devices make measurements basedon reception of the test transmissions sent by the particular wirelessdevice. The controller apparatus sends commands to the particularwireless device and to the one or more participating wireless devices toinitiate the training session. The controller receives measurement datafrom the one or more participating wireless devices based on receptionof the test transmissions from the particular wireless device during thetraining session. The controller apparatus determines predistortionparameters for use by the particular wireless device based on themeasurement data received from the one or more participating wirelessdevices.

Example Embodiments

Reference is made first to FIG. 1 that shows a wireless networkcomprising a plurality of wireless network access points (APs) 10(1),10(2), 10(3) and 10(4), and a controller 20. The APs 10(1)-10(4) areconfigured to serve wireless communications with wireless client devices(CDs) shown at reference numerals 30(1)-30(N). The APs 10(1)-10(4) are,for example, configured to operate in a wireless local area network(WLAN), using the communication standard of IEEE 802.11, knowncommercially as WiFiTM, or in a wireless network that uses thecommunication standard of IEEE 802.16, known commercially as WiMAX™.While FIG. 1 shows four APs 10(1)-10(4), it should be understood thatthere may be more or less APs in a given WLAN deployment.

The controller 20 is, for example, a WLAN controller apparatus that isconfigured to control various functions of the APs 10(1)-10(4), such asthe frequency channel used for operation, transmit power, etc. Thecontroller 20 communicates with the APs 10(1)-10(4) via a wired networkshown at reference numeral 40. However, it is also possible that thecontroller 20 is configured with wireless communication capability tocommunicate with the APs 10(1)-10(4) via a WLAN.

The predistortion training techniques described herein are applicable toany wireless device that has a digital predistortion circuit or moduleused to predistort a baseband signal prior to its upconversion andamplification for transmission.

As indicated in FIG. 1 and according to the techniques described herein,the controller 20 is configured to initiation predistortion training ata particular AP, e.g., AP1, to compute predistortion parameters adjacentchannel power (ACP) measurement data and error vector magnitude (EVM)measurement data received from partner, also called “participating”,APs, based on a cost function. Thus, during a training or measurementsession, the controller 20 selects one or more participating APs(possibly including the AP that is selected for predistortion training)to make ACP and EVM measurements. For example, when the controller 20 isundergoing a predistortion training session for AP 10(1), the controller20 may select APs 10(2)-10(4) to be participating APs which participatein the training session by making ACP and EVM measurement data fromreceived test transmissions made by the AP 10(1) during the trainingsession.

Turning now to FIG. 2, an example of a block diagram of an AP,identified generically as AP 10(i), is now described. The block diagramshown in FIG. 2 is meant to be an example and representative of a blockdiagram of any of the APs 10(1)-10(4), each of which is configured toserve as an AP for which predistortion training is to be made and toserve as a participating or partner AP in a predistortion trainingsession of itself or any other AP.

An AP 10(i) comprises in a transmit signal path, a baseband transmitsignal generator 100, a digital predistortion (DPD) module 112, anupconverter 114 and a power amplifier 116. In a receive signal path, theAP 10(i) comprises a downconverter 122 and a baseband receive signalprocessor 124. A transmit/receive (Tx/Rx) switch 118 is provided thatcouples either the power amplifier 116 or the downconverter 122 to anantenna 120, depending on whether the AP 10(i) is in a transmit mode orreceive mode. In the case where the AP 10(i) is configured to transmitand receive via multiple antennas, then there are multiple instances ofthe upconverter 114 and power amplifier 116 in the transmit path, oneinstance for each antenna, and multiple instances of the downconverter122 in the receive path, one instance for each antenna.

The baseband transmit signal generator 100 is configured to generate abaseband transmit signal for transmission via antenna 120, and thebaseband receive signal processor 124 is configured to process abaseband receive signal output by the downconverter 122 from a receivedsignal at the antenna 122. The baseband transmit signal generator 100and the baseband receive signal processor 124 may be part of a singlecomponent, such as a modem, which may also include the digitalpredistortion module 112. When the AP 10(i) is configured to transmitand receive via multiple antennas, then there are multiple instances ofboth the baseband transmit signal generator 100 and baseband receivesignal processor 124, one for each antenna, or a single component, e.g.,a modem, that handles the baseband transmit signal generation ofbaseband transmit signals for each antenna and baseband receive signalprocessing of baseband receive signals for each antenna. The digitalpredistortion module 112 may be included as a functional block of themodem. For a multi-antenna AP, the functions of the digital predistortermodule 112 are replicated for each transmit path. A single component ormodule may be configured to perform the predistortion functions withrespect to baseband transmit signals for each transmit path toaccommodate a plurality of transmit paths, one for each antenna.

There is also an optional monitoring receiver 140 connected to anassociated antenna 142. The monitoring receiver 140 is configured toreceive signals transmitted on a given channel in a frequency band andmay be useful in connection with making measurements of signals inconnection with a training session. A network interface device, e.g.,Ethernet card, 144 is also provided that enables communication over thenetwork 40 with the controller 20, to receive commands from thecontroller in connection with a training session.

The baseband transmit signal generator 100, digital predistorter module112 and baseband receive signal processor 124 may be implemented indigital logic, in fixed or programmable form, and thus may be embodiedby one or more application specific integrated circuits.

A processor 130 is provided, such as a microprocessor ormicrocontroller, that is configured to control various AP functions,including operations in connections with a predistortion trainingsession, whether the AP is the device being trained or is serving as aparticipating device in the training session of itself or another AP. Tothis end, the processor 130 is configured to execute instructions storedin a memory 132. The processor configures the digital predistortionmodule 112 with stored predistortion parameters shown at 136 in memory132. The predistortion parameters 136 may take the form of apredistortion matrix A or a scaling factors c, both of which aredescribed further hereinafter. The memory 132 also contains DPD trainingparticipation process logic 200 and DPD training transmission processlogic 300. The DPD training participation process logic 200 is executedby the processor 130 when the AP 10(i) is acting as a partner orparticipating AP in a DPD training session of itself or another AP,wherein the processor generates adjacent channel power and error vectormagnitude measurement data with respect to reception of testtransmissions by the AP undergoing predistortion training. The DPDtraining transmission process logic 300 is executed by the processor 130when the AP 10(i) is undergoing training for the predistortionparameters that are used by its digital predistortion module 112 togenerate the test transmissions. The DPD training participation processlogic 200 and the DPD training transmission process logic 300 aredescribed hereinafter in connection with FIGS. 7-10.

The processor 130 may be a programmable processor or a fixed-logicprocessor. In the case of a programmable processor, the memory 136 isany type of tangible processor readable memory (e.g., random access,read-only, etc.) that is encoded with or stores instructions. Forexample, the processor 130 is a microprocessor or microcontroller.Alternatively, the processor 130 may a fixed-logic processing device,such as an application specific integrated circuit or digital signalprocessor, that is configured with firmware comprised of instructionsthat cause the processor 130 to perform the functions described herein.Thus, the process logic 300 may take any of a variety of forms, so as tobe encoded in one or more tangible media for execution, such as withfixed logic or programmable logic (e.g., software/computer instructionsexecuted by a processor) and the processor 130 may be a programmableprocessor, programmable digital logic (e.g., field programmable gatearray) or an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) thatcomprises fixed digital logic, or a combination thereof. In general, theprocess logic 200 and process logic 300 may be embodied in a processorreadable medium that is encoded with instructions for execution by aprocessor (e.g., processor 130) that, when executed by the processor,are operable to cause the processor to perform the functions describedherein in connection with process logic 200 and process logic 300.

Turning now to FIG. 3, an example block diagram of the controller 20 isdescribed. The controller 20 comprises a network interface 22 that isconfigured to perform communications with the APs via the wired network40, for example. A processor 24 is provided that is configured tocontrol various functions of the controller 20. The processor 24executes instructions stored in memory 26 to enable the controller 20 toperform a DPD training session as described herein. To this end, thememory 26 stores instructions for cost function generator process logic400 and instructions for training session and predistortion parameterscomputation process logic 500. The cost function generator process logic400 is described hereinafter in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5, and thetraining session and predistortion parameters computation process logic500 is described hereinafter in connection with FIGS. 6-9.

The processor 24 may take on any of the forms described above inconnection with the processor 130 in FIG. 2.

In the following description, a predistortion technique is used thatinvolves memory polynomial digital predistortion. This is meant by wayof example only as there are different techniques for digitalpredistortion, such as those based on a look-up table.

In a memory polynomial digital predistortion technique, a polynomialequation represents the digital predistortion applied to a signal. Thecoefficients represent a polynomial approximation of the inverse of theamplitude and phase response of the power amplifier. For example, when asingle sample s(m) of signal s is subject to memory polynomialpredistortion, the output predistorted signal S_(DPD) is:

${s_{DPD}(m)} = {\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{Q}{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}{a_{q,n}{s( {m - q} )}{{s( {m - q} )}}^{n - 1}}}}$

where s(m) is the m^(th) sample of the signal s, and a_(q,n) is then^(th)-order and q^(th) memory coefficient of the memory polynomial,where q represents the memory length of the polynomial. An array ofvalues for a_(q,n) make up the matrix A. The matrix A of coefficientshas the form:

$A = \begin{bmatrix}a_{1,0} & a_{2,0} & \ldots & a_{n,0} \\a_{1,1} & a_{2,1} & \ldots & a_{n,1} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\a_{1,q} & a_{1,q} & \ldots & a_{n,q}\end{bmatrix}$

As explained above, and in further detail hereinafter, training mayinvolve selecting values for scaling factors c rather than values fora_(q,n), which is more time consuming and computationally intensive.

The challenge in a digital predistortion scheme is selecting the a_(q,n)coefficient values to cancel out the distortion created by the poweramplifier. Determining the appropriate values for the predistortionparameters involves indirect training using a cost function based onsome measurement data and other criteria. For example, EVM and ACPmeasurement data are useful as measurement data to determine thepredistortion parameters. Thus, during a training session, a basebandtransmit signal is subjected to predistortion with several differentpredistortion parameter values (e.g., different coefficients a_(q,n))and ACP and EVM measurements made from reception of the resultingtransmitted signals are used to determine which set of predistortionparameter values satisfy, e.g., minimize the cost function. In general,ACP and EVM measurement data are analyzed for a different set ofpredistortion parameters (e.g., coefficients) for each power level ofoperation, frequency channel of operation and each power amplifier (eachtransmit path). The techniques described herein are applicable todetermining the appropriate predistortion parameters both for factorycalibration and “in the field” calibration after the device has beendeployed.

Power amplifiers in a transmit path or chain of a wireless deviceexperience some drift in operation over time. As a result, an open-looppredistortion scheme, with one-time predistortion coefficient training,will be subject to performance degradation as the amplifier ages and itscharacteristics change. A closed-loop system, on the other hand, iscommon in systems with very stringent ACP and EVM requirements. Acompromise is an open-loop system with periodically-triggered (or ondemand) predistortion maintenance. To this end, the controller 20 isconfigured to trigger a particular AP for predistortion training, usingeither a “quick-tuning” scheme whereby a scaling factor c is adjusted ora full training (retraining) scheme whereby the matrix A of coefficientsis adjusted, as described herein. The controller may implement thistraining periodically or on-demand based on monitored AP downlinkperformance as a trigger. When in “quick-tuning” or full retraining, theAP undergoing the predistortion training is configured to transmitframes to a monitoring radio receiver that is at another AP, at a CD, orat the AP itself that is undergoing the predistortion training.

The effectiveness of a given set, e.g. matrix A, of predistortioncoefficients or a scaling factor c (in quick or fast tuning) isevaluated quantitatively by a cost function. The training or quicktuning seeks the set of coefficients or scaling factor, respectively,that satisfies, e.g., minimizes, the cost function. Different costfunctions lead to different ultimate operating points for thepredistortion module. One cost function may weight EVM heavily, leadingto good EVM performance. Another cost function may weight ACP heavy,leading to a minimization in ACP. In some situations, focusing purely onminimizing one variable may be desired. In other situations, satisfyingconditions of multiple variables may be desired.

A primary purpose of DPD is to reduce the effects of non-linearities ofpower amplifiers. However, the goals of using DPD for that purpose canbe many. In an IEEE 802.11 WLAN, one goal may be to improve performanceof a wireless transmitter by improving EVM. Another goal may be to meetregulations of a regulatory body at an edge of a frequency bandallocated for operation of the wireless network. Another goal may be tomeet requirements imposed in a specification of a standards body. Inreality, all of these goals can be constantly considered, but havevarying weights within a cost function depending on the currentoperating point and the specifications and regulations to be met at thatoperating point.

Turning now to FIGS. 4 and 5, a description of the cost functionanalysis is provided that is performed at the controller 20 based on theACP measurement data and EVM measurement data. The cost function isshown at reference numeral 405 and the cost function weights are shownat 410 in FIG. 4. The input to the cost function 405 comprises the ACPand EVM measurement data and the cost function weights shown at 410. Inaddition, the polynomial order and memory length are considered in thecost function computations. The output of the cost function comprisesthe predistortion parameters, e.g., coefficients matrix A (if fulltraining was performed) or scaling factor c (if quick-tuning wasperformed), that satisfies (minimizes) the cost function.

The cost function generator process logic 400 is now described withreference to FIG. 5. At 420, upon predistortion training being initiated(full training or quick-tuning), the controller 20 retrieves storedoperating information for the particular AP, including operatingfrequency channel, regulatory information, transmit power, target datarate, operating mode of the particular AP (wideband or normal), currentoperating point (actual EVM and ACP, if known), etc. At 430, thecontroller 20 generates EVM and ACP targets for the cost functionweights from the operating information. At 440, using the informationobtained at 420 and 430, the cost function is generated for use in thetraining session.

EVM represents the average error-vector-magnitude for any frequencysubcarrier that is not considered to be in a channel null. Subcarriersin channel nulls are identified during channel estimation and excludedfrom the EVM measurement, as described further hereinafter. ACP can bebroken down into ACP_(R) and ACP_(L), which is the adjacent channelpower of the transmitted signal to the right and left, respectively, ofthe operating frequency channel of the AP undergoing predistortiontraining. ACP_(R) and ACP_(L) can further be broken down into any numberof subsegments. In the following description, ACP_(R) and ACP_(L) andtheir subsegments are referred to simply as ACP.

The cost function, C(EVM,ACP), consists of measured EVM and ACP valuesfor a given frame (or multitude of frames) used to arrive at an accurateEVM and ACP value for a frame predistorted with a given set ofcoefficients or a scaling factor. Measured EVM and measured ACP arerepresented as EVM_(M) and ACP_(M). The cost function C(EVM,ACP) isdefined as:

${C( {{EVM},{ACP}} )} = {{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N_{ACP}}\lbrack {\alpha_{n}{ACP}_{n}} \rbrack} + {\alpha_{EVM}{EVM}}}$$\alpha_{n} = \frac{\gamma_{n}\beta_{n}^{ACP}}{{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N_{ACP}}{\gamma_{k}\beta_{k}^{ACP}}} + \beta^{EVM}}$$\alpha_{EVM} = {1 - {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N_{ACP}}\lbrack {\alpha_{n}{ACP}_{n}} \rbrack}}$$\beta^{EVM} = {\max \lbrack {0,\frac{( {{EVM} - {EVM}_{Target}} )}{EVM}} \rbrack}$$\beta_{n}^{ACP} = {\max \lbrack {0,\frac{( {{ACP}_{n} - {ACP}_{n,{Target}}} )}{{ACP}_{n}}} \rbrack}$$1 = {\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N_{ACP}}\gamma_{n}}$

where γ_(n) is the weighting put on a given ACP, measurement to weightthe measurement within the group of all ACP measurements. γ_(n) can beset to equally weight such that,

$\gamma_{n} = \frac{1}{N_{ACP}}$

or it can be unequally weighted as set by the cost function generator.EVM Target and ACP_(Target) are target values for EVM and ACP for agiven AP. A further explanation of the cost function and the inputs tothe cost function are described hereinafter.

Reference is now made to FIG. 6 for a description of the trainingsession and predistortion parameters computation process logic 500. At505, the controller determines that a particular AP requires DPDtraining. The determination at 505 may be based on a predeterminedperiodic schedule to train each AP in the field, or based on monitoreddownlink performance characteristics for a given AP. At 510, thecontroller identifies (selects or designates) one or more APs in thefield to serve as partner APs and participate in a training session.These partner APs are also referred to herein as participating APs. Theparticular AP undergoing the training may also serve as a participatingAP insofar as it can simultaneously receive a transmission sent via oneantenna on another antenna, in the case where that AP is a multi-antennaAP. In some other applications, the AP may have a separate radioreceiver that is used solely for monitoring signals in the frequencyband, as described above in connection with FIG. 2. The controller mayselect APs to be partner APs for a training session with respect to aparticular AP based on their proximity (physical location or receivestrength of signals from the particular AP).

For example, the controller may send a command to the particular AP totransmit a plurality of frames on one or more channels on which otherAPs are configured to receive. These other APs then report receivesignal strength measurement data as well as coherence time estimatesbased on the frames sent by the particular AP to the controller 20. Thecoherence time is a measure of the minimum time required for change of apredetermined magnitude of the conditions of a wireless channel tobecome uncorrelated from its previous value. The controller 20 can thenprioritize those APs that are best suited to serve as a participating APwith respect to the particular AP undergoing training by coherence timeestimates, where those APs that made longer coherence time estimates aregiven higher priority. The controller 20 then selects one or moreparticipating APs accordingly.

At 515, the controller retrieves or generates the cost function fortraining the particular AP. This corresponds to the process describedabove in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5. At 520, the controllerdetermines whether to try a quick-tuning training session or a fulltraining session for the particular AP. In one form, quick tuning isused for a first attempt (out of factory calibration or since the lastfull retraining). The performance (EVM or ACP) is compared with theperformance of other APs with similar/same cost functions. In otherform, the controller determines whether the cost function analysisresults for that AP is below threshold that necessitates performing afull retraining. In still another form, data rate statistics for the APare used to determine whether to perform quick tuning or fullretraining. For example, when the data rate is very low (below athreshold), a full retraining is performed if a quick tuning has alreadybeen attempted. In yet another form, the time duration between last fullretraining is used to determination whether to perform a quick tuning orfull retraining. For example, if this time duration is greater than athreshold, a full retraining is performed. When a full training sessionis to be performed, the process continues at 530 in FIG. 7 and when aquick-tuning (fast training) session is to be performed, the processcontinues at 550 in FIG. 8.

At 530, the controller 20 sends a transmission command to the particularAP configuring it to prepare to make test transmissions using a set ofcoefficients, that is, values for matrix A. When the full-trainingsession first begins, the controller 20 sends the first or initialvalues for the matrix A. At 530, the controller also sends receptionready commands to the one or more participating APs instructing them toprepare to receive the test transmissions from the particular AP and tomake measurements. At 532, the controller determines whether it hasreceived confirmation from the participating APs that they are ready toreceive and make measurements. When confirmation is received by thecontroller 20, then at 534, the controller sends a command to theparticular AP to make the test transmissions and to the participatingAPs to receive and make ACP and EVM measurements from the received testtransmissions. The controller 20 configures the particular AP to sendthe test transmissions, which may take the form of multiple frames orsymbols within a frame or groups of symbols within the frame, where eachframe (or symbol within the frame or groups of symbols within the frame)is transmitted by the particular AP with a different set ofpredistortion coefficients A. In other words, the particular AP isconfigured by the transmission command to transmit multiple symbols ormultiple sets of symbols, each symbol or set of symbol with differentpredistortion parameters.

At 536, the controller receives the ACP and EVM measurements made by theparticipating APs from reception of the test transmissions. Theprocedures for obtaining ACP measurement data are described hereinafterin connection with FIG. 9 and the procedures for obtaining EVMmeasurement data are described hereinafter in connection with FIG. 10.

At 538, the controller 20 determines whether it needs more measurementsin order to ensure that the training can converge. When moremeasurements are needed, the controller repeats functions 530, 532, 534and 536 on the basis of a next set of coefficients (matrix A). At 540,the controller 20 determines whether there are any additionalcoefficients (values for matrix A) to test. If there are morecoefficients to test, then the process repeats functions 530, 532, 534and 536 with the next set of coefficients. Thus, once the EVM and ACPmeasurement data is received by the controller 20, the controller 20will either provide the particular AP with a new set of coefficients touse in a subsequent round of test transmissions or conclude that thefull training session has converged.

At 542, the controller 20 runs the cost function on the received ACP andEVM measurement data to compute and determine which set of coefficients(which version of matrix A) minimizes the cost function. During the fulltraining procedure depicted in FIG. 7, several sets of coefficients areused for the test transmissions and the cost function associated withmeasurement data obtained for each set of coefficients is analyzed. Thecomputations for the cost functions are provided above in connectionwith the description of FIGS. 4 and 5.

The controller 20 sends to the particular AP a message identifying orcontaining those coefficients for storage and use by the digitalpredistortion module in the particular AP when predistorting a basebandtransmit signal for transmission during its normal operating mode. Atthe conclusion of the procedure shown in FIG. 7, the particular AP andthe participating APs return to their normal operating mode.

Over time, heavy use and even operation temperature, the predistortioncoefficients may not be effective. Instead of retraining thepredistortion coefficients, which can be processor and time intensiveand not practical in the field, a scaling factor to the signal input tothe predistortion module can be provided, and adjusted as necessary.This is the purpose of the quick-tuning procedure. Thus, a scalingfactor c_(k) is applied to the baseband signal s that is input to thepredistortion module from the baseband transmit signal generator. Themathematical expression using the scaling factor is:

s_(DPD)^(k)(m) = F(c_(k)s(m), A) $A = \begin{bmatrix}a_{1,0} & a_{2,0} & \ldots & a_{n,0} \\a_{1,1} & a_{2,1} & \ldots & a_{n,1} \\\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\a_{1,q} & a_{1,q} & \ldots & a_{n,q}\end{bmatrix}$ where${F( {{s(m)},A} )} = {\sum\limits_{q = 0}^{Q}{\sum\limits_{n = 1}^{N}{a_{q,n}{s( {m - q} )}{{s( {m - q} )}}^{n - 1}}}}$

s is the baseband transmit signal input to the predistortion module,c_(k) is the scaling factor for the kth frame, symbol or set of symbols,and s_(DPD) ^(k) is the predistorted signal for the kth frame, symbol orset of symbols. The matrix A contains the predistortion coefficients andin the quick-tuning procedure, are the current set of predistortioncoefficients used by the particular AP. They are not varied during thequick-tuning procedure.

If the power amplifier in a transmit chain of the particular AP hasundergone a drift in its operation, it is likely that a change inoperating point has occurred and not a drastic migration of thecoefficients. Therefore, the operating point of the predistortion modulecan be adjusted to match the change in operating point of the amplifier.Instead of retraining the coefficients in matrix A, which would requiremany iterations to converge on 2N elements (N complex coefficients), alow iteration and thus faster training can be done to converge onevalue, the scaling factor c.

Turning now to FIG. 8, the quick-tuning procedure is now described. At550, the controller sends a transmission command to the particular APconfiguring it to prepare to make test transmissions using values for aset of scaling factors c. When the quick-tuning procedure first begins,the controller 20 sends the first or initial values for the scalingfactor c. Also at 550, the controller sends reception ready commands tothe one or more participating APs instructing them to prepare to receivethe test transmissions from the particular AP and to make measurements.At 552, the controller 20 determines whether it has receivedconfirmation from the participating APs that they are ready to receiveand make measurements. When confirmation is received by the controller20, then at 554, the controller sends a command to the particular AP tomake the test transmissions and to the participating APs to receive andmake ACP and EVM measurement from the received test transmissions. Thecontroller 20 configures the particular AP to send the testtransmissions such that each frame, each symbol or every N symbols aresent with a different scaling factor. At 556, the controller 20 receivesthe ACP and EVM measurements made by the participating APs. Functions558 and 560 are similar to functions 538 and 540 described above inconnection with FIG. 7. At 562, the controller runs the cost function onthe ACP and EVM measurement data to determine which scaling factorminimizes the cost function. The controller 20 sends that scaling factorc to the particular AP for storage and use in the particular AP whenmaking transmissions during its normal operating mode. At the conclusionof the procedure shown in FIG. 8, the particular AP and theparticipating APs return to their normal operating mode.

The quick-tuning and full training procedures are executed for eachtransmit train individually for an AP that has multiple antennas fortransmit purposes and thus has multiple transmit chains. In this case,test transmission are sent to a partner AP via a single transmit pathonly (the one being trained) and not from multiple transmit pathssimultaneously.

If the training procedures described above take place during factorycalibration of APs, the calibration equipment is essentially aparticipating AP in terms of the procedures described above. Moreover,EVM and ACP can be measured simultaneously by the calibration equipmentwithout consideration of the deployment environment.

Reference is now made to FIG. 9 for a description of those aspects ofthe DPD training participating process logic 200 executed in an APserving as a participating AP during a training session and of the DPDtraining transmission process logic 300 executed in the particular AP(the AP undergoing predistortion training) during a training sessionwhen ACP measurement data is obtained at participating APs. To this end,functions of the DPD training participating process logic 200 areidentified by reference numerals in the 200's and functions of the DPDtraining transmission process logic 300 are identified by referencenumerals in the 300's.

The same wireless channel conditions that affect the EVM measurementsmade at a participating AP will also affect the ACP measurement bycausing ACP to be measured much lower than it should be for frequenciesin a channel null. The procedure for making EVM measurements isdescribed hereinafter in connection with FIG. 10. However, since the ACPmeasurements are taken “off-channel”, that is, on a frequency channelother than the one used by the particular AP for normal operation, anestimate of the over-the-air wireless channel conditions cannot be madeduring the ACP measurement. Therefore, the transmitting device will needto intermittently switch to the adjacent channel (if the adjacentchannel is not in a restricted frequency band) to send a frame to aparticipating AP for channel estimation. Once the channel estimate ismade, the frequency dependence in the channel can be removed from futureACP measurements. The switching frequency between on-channeltransmission (in the operating frequency channel of the AP) andoff-channel transmission is determined by the estimated coherence time.New channel estimates are made within the coherence time.

When the operating frequency channel of the particular AP is adjacent toa restricted frequency band, it cannot make intermittent transmissionsin the restricted band. In this situation, participating APs with morethan one receive antenna are given priority in order to minimize theeffect of the over-the-air wireless channel conditions on the ACPmeasurement. Alternatively, the particular AP and the participating APcan enter into a special wideband (e.g., 40 MHz) mode comprising twoadjacent channels (an upper channel and a lower channel) so that a first“channel estimation” portion (e.g., preamble portion) of the testtransmission packet is transmitted in both the upper and lower channels,but a second portion (e.g., data portion) of the test transmissionpacket is only transmitted in the frequency channel, i.e., adjacentchannel, under test. Thus, the adjacent channel would only have aportion of the packet transmitted in it, and the rest of the receivedpower in the adjacent channel would be due to spectral regrowth from thein-band power of the channel under test.

At 310, the particular AP determines that it is ready to send a testtransmission for ACP measurement by participating APs. At 315, theparticular AP determines to perform the test transmissions for the ACPmeasurements using either a standard single channel or using two or morechannels aggregated together (e.g., two 20 MHz WiFi channels) in awideband mode. The latter wideband technique works when both theparticular AP and the participating APs have the wideband operation modecapability. When it is determined that both the particular AP and theparticipating APs do not have wideband operation mode capability, thenthe process goes to the left branch of the flow chart shown in FIG. 9,and otherwise it goes to the right branch of the flow chart shown inFIG. 9.

In normal single channel mode, at 320, the particular AP switches itstransmission frequency to a channel of a participating AP and sends apacket, e.g., a request to send (RTS) FRAME as part of a RTS-clear tosend (CTS) exchange with the participating AP. At 210, the participatingAP receives the packet, estimates the channel conditions and stores thechannel estimation information. The term “channel” used herein inconnection with the channel estimate refers to the over-the-air wirelesschannel between the antenna(s) of the particular AP and the antenna(s)of the participating AP.

At 322, the particular AP returns to its normal operating transmissionfrequency channel and transmits test transmissions using the appropriatecoefficients or scaling factor (depending on whether the training is afull training session or quick-tuning session). At 212, theparticipating AP receives the frame sent by the participating AP on itsnormal operating frequency channel and measures ACP for the frame andadjusts the ACP measurement with the saved channel estimate informationat 210. At 214, the participating AP determines whether the ACPmeasurement is corrupted by a frame on the ACP measurement channel. Inother words, at 214, a check is made to determine whether a frame“collided” with the off-channel frame measurement for the ACP. If apacket from client device is received while the partner AP is waiting toreceive a training packet, the transmission of the training packet isrepeated because the ACP measurement would contain the on-channel packetreception. Also, a packet could be sent off channel by an AP at the sametime and could corrupt the measurement and thus the benefit of knowingwhen a packet was received on the partner AP channel would be lost.Therefore, if corruption is determined at 214, the process repeats from320 to measure the ACP as shown in FIG. 9. In one example, N pluralityof training frames are automatically sent. When there is not asignificant variation in the ACP measurement over some subset M of the Nplurality of training frames, then it is determined that there is nooff-channel corruption of the training packet over the M frames and anaverage of the measurements resulting from those M frames is used.

At 216, the participating AP sends the ACP measurement data to thecontroller.

The intermittent transmission of test transmissions on the adjacentchannel and on the normal operating channel is performed is performed toenable one or more participating APs to generate channel estimateinformation of the over-the-air channel to allow the participatingdevice to adjust the ACP measurement data using the channel estimateinformation.

Obtaining ACP measurement data when the particular AP and theparticipating AP are capable of operating in a wideband mode is nowdescribed. At 330, the AP transmits a first portion (e.g., preamble) ofa test transmission packet in its operating frequency channel and in theadjacent channel, i.e., the particular APs ACP measurement channel. At220, the particular AP estimates channel conditions of the ACPmeasurement channel based on reception of the preamble in that channel.At 332, the particular AP transmits the remaining portion of the testtransmission packet (e.g., data portion) only in its normal operatingchannel. At 222, the participating AP measures ACP for each symbol ofthe packet by synchronizing with the packet sent in the particular APsnormal operating channel and using the channel estimation informationobtained at 220 from reception of the preamble in the ACP measurementchannel. At 216, the participating AP sends the ACP measurement data tothe controller.

The procedures depicted in FIG. 9 are performed between the particularAP and each participating AP in order to separately obtain ACPmeasurement data from each participating AP.

Reference is now made to FIG. 10 for a description of those aspects ofthe DPD training participating process logic 200 executed in an APserving as a participating AP during a training session and of the DPDtraining transmission process logic 300 executed in the particular APduring a training session when EVM measurement data is obtained atparticipating APs. To this end, functions of the DPD trainingparticipating process logic 200 are identified by reference numerals inthe 200′s and functions of the DPD training transmission process logic300 are identified by reference numerals in the 300's.

The channel between the transmitting AP and the participating AP devicemay have a frequency dependent null that weakens one or more subcarriersat the participating AP. This will affect the EVM measurement becausethose severely weakened subcarriers will contain a significant amount ofnoise. Therefore, during channel estimation using a long training field,the strength of each subcarrier is determined and used in the EVMmeasurement by excluding the weaker subcarriers. Any subcarrier that hasa receive power that is X dB below that of the top Y percentile receivepower of all subcarriers is excluded. If the device has more than onereceive antenna, the channel response will have less impact as thereceiver maximizes the receive signal- to-noise ratio for allsubcarriers across multiple antennas.

At 340, the particular AP transmits a frame to the participating AP. At230, the participating AP receives the frame and estimates the channelconditions. At 232, the participating AP measures EVM of each symbol ofthe frame, excluding subcarriers considered to be in a channel null,using the technique described above, for example. At 236, theparticipating AP sends the EVM measurement data to the controller.

Thus, FIG. 9 illustrates two processes that are useful to measure ACPdata and this is performed during a one phase of a training session.FIG. 10 illustrates a process that is useful to measure EVM data andthis process is performed during another phase of a training session. Inother words, during a first phase, the controller sends commands tocause the particular AP to send the test transmissions on an operatingchannel of the particular AP for reception by the one or moreparticipating APs and during a second phase, the controller 20 sendscommands to cause the particular AP to send the test transmissions on achannel that is adjacent to the operating channel. The controllerreceives the EVM measurement data generated by the one or moreparticipating wireless devices from reception of the test transmissionsduring the first phase and receives the ACP measurement data generatedby the one or more participating APs from reception of the testtransmissions during the second phase. The second phase, during whichACP measurement data is obtained, may involve the single channelapproach or the wideband multichannel approach as depicted in FIG. 9.

When obtaining ACP measurements and EVM measurements, channel estimateinformation (e.g., as obtained at 210, 220 in FIG. 9 and at 230 in FIG.10) is useful to remove the effect of strong channel fading connections.Removing the effects of the “linear” wireless channel fading conditionsto train on the nonlinear power amplifier distortion allows forcomputing more accurate and reliable predistortion coefficients.

As explained above in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5, the cost functiongenerator receives various inputs related to the operating conditions orparameters of the AP that undergoing training. In other words, the costfunction is applied to the measurement data so as to weight the ACPmeasurement data and the EVM measurement data, respectively, dependingon a distance of the ACP measurement data and the EVM measurement datato respective desired values and based on operating requirements of theparticular AP. The current operating point of an AP may be representedby EVM and ACP for the AP. When this information is available, the costfunction can be created more directly. If the EVM target is already metfor the AP and the ACP target is not met, the ACP may be weighted moreheavily subject to a limit to ensure that the EVM target is not lost.Conversely, if the ACP target is already met, and the EVM target is not,EVM is weighted more heavily subject to a limit to ensure that thetarget is not lost. If neither target is met, each weighting will dependon the distance to the target but a limit may be set on both EVM and ACPto ensure that neither drifts more than X_(EVM) or X_(ACP) from theirrespective targets during any updating of the predistortioncoefficients.

The following information may be used to set EVM and ACP targets andlimits during each iteration of the training sequence, and to setpolynomial order and memory length of the predistorter.

Target Data Rate. For example, the IEEE 802.11a/g/n specificationsrequire different EVM performance for each data rate. Therefore, thecontroller 20 would select a certain EVM margin for each data rate. Thiscould be used to relax the EVM target for certain data rates (that donot require low EVM) and focus the cost function on ACP reduction ifrequired by regulatory requirements for that channel. Generally, ACPrequirements do not vary between data rates.

Regulatory Requirements. Regulatory bodies in a given jurisdiction(country) limit emissions in certain frequency bands. The proximity ofthese restricted bands to the operating channel of an AP can be used toweight ACP in the cost function. The closer the restricted band is tothe operating channel of the device, the more heavily weighted ACP willbe.

Operating Channel of the Device. Regulations limit radio frequency (RF)emissions in certain frequency bands. The proximity of these restrictedbands to the operating channel of the device can be used to weight ACPin the cost function. The closer the restricted band is to the operatingchannel of the device, the more heavily weighted ACP will be. If theAP's operating channel is adjacent to a restricted band edge, memorylength can be added to the predistortion polynomial to minimize ACP.

Transmit Power. Transmit power of the AP is useful when EVM and ACPcannot be estimated accurately, but relative values are used inpredistortion training. The power amplifier of the AP will be wellcharacterized with respect to EVM and ACP versus transmit power. Therewill be certain transmit power levels where the EVM goal is met, but theACP goal is not or the ACP goal is met, but the EVM goal is not.

Operating Mode. Operating mode (standard single channel or wideband) isonly needed if EVM and ACP cannot be estimated accurately, but relativevalues are used in training. When the AP is transmitting in the widebandhigh-throughput mode, there will be more severe intermodulation productsresulting in worse ACP due to the high correlation between the lower andupper band used for a transmission. A wideband high throughput mode mayexhibit more spectral regrowth than a 20 MHz mode signal. The controllerweights ACP higher in the cost function for this mode.

Non-Zero Memory Length Polynomial Predistorter to Minimize SpectralRegrowth to Target Side of the Band

The following is an example in which a non-zero memory length polynomialpredistorter is used to minimize spectral regrowth to a target side ofthe frequency band. In polynomial predistortion, an approximation of theinverse of the amplitude and phase response of an amplifier is appliedto the baseband transmit signal. This attempts to cancel out thenon-linear distortion of the RF power amplifier in the transmit chain.The actual amplitude and phase response of the amplifier is typicallynot known. The approximation relies on indirect training of thepolynomial coefficients by minimizing a cost function that performs adirect search or steepest descent algorithm to identify the targetcoefficients.

In most modes of operation, EVM is targeted for minimization. However,when a transmitting device is operating in a frequency location near arestricted band, ACP may be targeted for minimization so that thespectral regrowth of the transmitted signal does not breach therestricted band emissions. In nearly all cases, the restricted band edgeis to one side of the transmitting device's (i.e., that AP's) operatingfrequency channel. Therefore, improving ACP is only important on thatside.

Memory polynomials with a memory length greater than 0 have aninteresting property that serves this band edge scenario well. Whenmemory is added to the polynomial, the spectral regrowth of thetransmitted signal can be asymmetrically shaped with predistortion.Therefore, a cost function that focuses on minimizing ACP to only theband edge side can lead to much greater reduction in spectral regrowthto the band edge side, while maintaining regrowth on the other side ofthe spectrum of the transmitted signal.

The memory polynomial for the band edge scenario needs to have a memorylength greater than 0. The polynomial order is not important but anorder greater than 3 is suitable. The EVM target is the target specifiedby the communication standard, e.g., IEEE 802.11, or based on anengineering design decision. The ACP to the band edge has a target basedon the restricted band requirements. The ACP to the non-band edge sidehas an ACP target of the ACP to that side measured without predistortionif it is desired to maintain performance on the non-band edge side.Otherwise, if the non-band edge ACP is unimportant, that ACP measurementcan be kept absent from the cost function by giving it a target ACP ofinfinity.

Translating between Power Levels for Predistortion

In a digital predistortion system that uses, for example, memorypolynomial predistortion, coefficients are determined at all operationalpower levels. For example, if the transmit power is targeted at 20 dBm,the power level needs to be set at 20 dBm, and a training sequence needsto be performed to determine the polynomial coefficients that minimizethe cost function, as explained above These coefficients only minimizethe cost function when the AP is operating at 20 dBm. Using thesecoefficients at 18 dBm or at 22 dBm could result in worse performancethan the AP would have without predistortion. However, it is possible touse coefficients determined for one power level at another power levelby applying a scaling factor to the signal at the input of thepredistorter.

The ability to translate coefficients from one power level to the nextrelies on the fact that each set of predistortion coefficients arerelated. The coefficients represent a polynomial approximation of theinverse of the amplitude and phase response of the power amplifier. Foreach power level, the approximation is accurate over only a certainrange of input and output values. Outside that range, the approximationerror widens considerably. Each set of coefficients shifts the range ofinput/output values for which the approximation is accurate in order tohave the greatest impact on the cost function for a particular powerlevel. Therefore, each set of coefficients contains an accurateapproximation of some range of the curve. For many power levels, theseaccurate approximation ranges will overlap considerably. Therefore,power levels can share sets of coefficients provided that a scalingcorrection is applied to the input of the predistorter. This powertranslation scaling factor is required because the predistorter moduleis expecting to predistort a signal to be transmitted at one powerlevel, but the signal is ultimately transmitted at another power level.

If a set of polynomial or look-up-table (LUT) coefficients A_(P1) weretrained for power level P1 (in dBm), that set of coefficients can beused at power level P2, provided that a significant range of overlapexists between their accurate approximation ranges. A power translationscaling factor scaling factor, c_(P1,P2) is applied to the signal inputat the predistorter where c_(P1,P2)=10^((P2-P1)/20).

The memory polynomial predistortion equation that takes into account thescaling factor to correct for a different power level is:

S_(DPD)^(P 2) = F(c_(P 1, P 2)S, A_(P 1)) where${F( {S,A} )} = {{a_{1}S} + {\sum\limits_{n = 2}^{N}{a_{n}S{S}^{n - 1}}}}$

S is the input to the predistorter and S_(DPD) is the output from thepredistorter.

Before translating coefficients to another power level, how well a setof coefficients translates to the target power level may be tested. Onetest is to see how much of the distribution of input amplitude valueswill fall within the accurate approximation range for the translatedpolynomial or LUT fit.

The following expression is useful for this determination:

$ɛ = {{\frac{1}{s_{\max} - s_{\min}}{\int_{s = s_{\min}}^{s_{\max}}{F_{P_{2}}( {c_{{P\; 1},{P\; 2}}s} )}}} - {F_{P_{2}}(s)}}$${F_{P_{n}}(s)} = {\sum\limits_{q = 1}^{Q}{\sum\limits_{k = 1}^{K}{a_{q,k}^{P_{n}}s{s}^{k - 1}}}}$

where a_(q,k) ^(P) ^(n) is the k^(th)-order, q^(th) memory predistortioncoefficient that was trained for an amplifier power output of P_(n). Ifε>=ε_(threshold), the inverse amplifier response does not overlap enoughbetween the two power levels. If ε>=ε_(threshold) the inverse amplifierresponses overlap enough for translation to occur from either powerlevel to any power level in between. The example above specificallydeals with a predistortion function, F(s), that is memory polynomialpredistortion. However, this can be expanded to any predistortionfunction, including LUT predistortion. If no power levels overlap enoughto use the translation equation, translation between power levels canonly be evaluated by trial and error.

Reference is now made to FIG. 11 for a description of a process 250 thatis performed in the AP when applying predistortion to a basebandtransmit signal. At 252, the predistortion module receives the timedomain baseband signal to be transmitted. At 254, the transmitinformation is retrieved from memory or other control parameters, suchas the transmit power level and the predistortion coefficients. Anindication is stored in the AP as to the power level of the AP for whicha given set of predistortion coefficients were generated. At 256, the APdetermines whether stored predistortion coefficients exist for thetransmit power level to be used for the transmission (the so-calledtarget power level). When predistortion coefficients exist for thetarget power level, then at 258, those coefficients are retrieved and at260, the baseband transmit signal is predistorted with the predistortionmodule using those coefficients.

On the other hand, when no coefficients exist for the target powerlevel, then at 262, it is determined whether there are storedcoefficients for a power level that is close (nearby) the target powerlevel. For example, a predetermined range of power (dBm) may be used forthe determination made at 262 as to whether there are storedcoefficients for a power level that is sufficiently close to the targetpower level. When it is determined that there are stored coefficientsfor power level that is sufficiently close to the target power level,then the baseband signal is multiplied by an appropriate powertranslation scaling factor, as explained herein, and the coefficientsfor the nearby power level are used for predistorting the basebandsignal after it is scaled by the scaling factor. If there are no storedcoefficients for a sufficiently close power level, then predistortion isnot applied to the baseband signal and the AP may send a notification tothe controller 20 as indicated at 266.

The techniques described herein may be embodied in various forms, wherecertain functions are performed in the controller and others in an AP.In terms of functions performed at the controller, a method is providedcomprising: at a controller apparatus that is capable of communicatingwith a plurality of wireless devices, identifying a particular wirelessdevice of the plurality of wireless devices that requires adjustment ofpredistortion parameters used by the particular wireless device whentransmitting a signal; identifying one or more participating wirelessdevices to participate in a training session during which the particularwireless device makes test transmissions and the one or moreparticipating wireless devices make measurements based on reception ofthe test transmissions sent by the particular wireless device; sendingcommands from the controller apparatus to the particular wireless deviceand to the one or more participating wireless devices to initiate thetraining session; at the controller apparatus, receiving measurementdata from the one or more participating wireless devices based onreception of the test transmissions from the particular wireless deviceduring the training session; and determining predistortion parametersfor use by the particular wireless device based on the measurement datareceived from the one or more participating wireless devices.

In terms of the controller itself, an apparatus is provided comprising anetwork interface device configured to enable communications over anetwork to communicate with a plurality of wireless devices configuredfor wireless communication; and a processor, where the processor isconfigured to: identify a particular wireless device of the plurality ofwireless devices that requires adjustment of predistortion parametersused by the particular wireless device when transmitting a signal;identify one or more participating wireless devices to participate in atraining session during which the particular wireless device makes testtransmissions and the one or more participating wireless devices makemeasurements based on reception of the test transmissions sent by theparticular wireless device; send commands to the particular wirelessdevice and to the one or more participating wireless devices to initiatethe training session; receive measurement data from the one or moreparticipating wireless devices based on reception of the testtransmissions from the particular wireless device during the trainingsession; and determine predistortion parameters for use by theparticular wireless device based on the measurement data received fromthe one or more participating wireless devices.

These functions may also be embodied in a tangible processor readablememory medium that stores or is encoded with instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to perform the functionsassociated with each of the process logic 200 and 300 in a wirelessaccess point network device 10(i) and each of the process logic 400 and500 in the controller apparatus 20.

A system is likewise provided that comprises the controller referred toabove, and the plurality of wireless devices, wherein each wirelessdevice comprising a baseband signal generator that is configured togenerate a baseband transmit signal, a digital predistorter module thatis configured to predistort the baseband transmit signal according tothe predistortion parameters to output a predistorted baseband transmitsignal, an upconverter that is configured to upconvert the predistortedbaseband transmit signal and a power amplifier that is configured toamplify the upconverted predistorted baseband transmit signal fortransmission via an antenna, and a processor configured to processcommands received from the apparatus so as to serve as the particularwireless device to be trained or a participating wireless device duringthe training session.

Further still, a wireless communication device is provided that isconfigured to support the predistortion training concepts describedherein. The wireless communication device comprises a baseband signalgenerator that is configured to generate a baseband transmit signal; adigital predistorter module that is configured to predistort thebaseband transmit signal according to the predistortion parameters tooutput a predistorted baseband transmit signal; an upconverter that isconfigured to upconvert the predistorted baseband transmit signal toproduce an upconverted predistorted baseband transmit signal; a poweramplifier that is configured to amplify the upconverted predistortedbaseband transmit signal for transmission via an antenna; a networkinterface device configured to enable communications over a network; anda processor configured to process commands received via the network froma controller so as to train the predistortion parameters used by thedigital predistortion module during a training session initiated by thecontroller or to participate and make measurements with respect toanother wireless communication device during a training session.

The above description is by way of example only.

1. A method comprising: at a controller apparatus that is capable ofcommunicating with a plurality of wireless devices, identifying aparticular wireless device of the plurality of wireless devices foradjustment of predistortion parameters used by the particular wirelessdevice when transmitting a signal; sending commands from the controllerapparatus to the particular wireless device and to one or moreparticipating wireless devices of the plurality of wireless devices toinitiate a training session; at the controller apparatus, receivingmeasurement data from the one or more participating wireless devicesbased on reception of test transmissions from the particular wirelessdevice during the training session; and determining predistortionparameters for use by the particular wireless device based on themeasurement data received from the one or more participating wirelessdevices.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein sending commands comprisessending a transmission command to the particular wireless device toconfigure the particular wireless device to generate and transmit testtransmissions comprising multiple symbols or sets of symbols, eachsymbol or set of symbols with different predistortion parameters duringthe training session.
 3. The method of claim 2, further comprisingsending reception ready commands to the one or more participatingwireless devices to configure the one or more participating wirelessdevices to receive and make measurements on the test transmissions. 4.The method of claim 3, wherein receiving measurement data comprisesreceiving measurement data generated at the one or more participatingwireless devices from reception of the test transmissions, and whereindetermining comprises applying a cost function to the measurement datato determine predistortion parameters used during the training sessionthat satisfy the cost function.
 5. The method of claim 4, furthercomprising sending to the particular wireless device a message thatidentifies or contains the predistortion parameters determined tosatisfy the cost function.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein sendingcomprises sending the transmission and the reception ready commands,during a first phase, to cause the particular wireless device to sendthe test transmissions on an operating channel of the particularwireless device for reception by the one or more participating wirelessdevices and during a second phase, to cause the particular wirelessdevice to send the test transmissions on a channel that is adjacent tothe operating channel, and wherein receiving comprises receiving errorvector magnitude measurement data generated by the one or moreparticipating wireless devices from reception of the test transmissionsduring the first phase and receiving adjacent channel power measurementdata generated by the one or more participating wireless devices fromreception of the test transmissions during the second phase.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, further comprising identifying the one or moreparticipating wireless devices by sending a transmission command to oneor more wireless devices within a proximity to the particular wirelessdevice, the transmission command configured to cause the one or moreparticipating wireless devices to send a plurality of transmissions toenable the particular wireless device to measure receive signal strengthand coherence time with respect reception of the plurality oftransmissions, receiving receive signal strength data and coherence timedata from the particular wireless device, prioritizing wireless devicesto be a participating wireless device according to coherence time andselecting one or more of the plurality of wireless devices to be the oneor more participating wireless device based on coherence time.
 8. Themethod of claim 1, and further comprising at the particular wirelessdevice, determining a target transmit power to be used at the particularwireless device for a transmission, determining whether thepredistortion parameters are for the target transmit power, and when itis determined that the predistortion parameters are not for the targettransmit power but are for a transmit power that is within apredetermined range of the target transmit power, further comprisingapplying a scaling factor to a baseband signal that is supplied as inputto a predistortion module in the particular wireless device so that thepredistortion module predistorts the baseband signal using thepredistortion parameters after it has been scaled by the scaling factor.9. An apparatus comprising: a network interface device configured toenable communications over a network to communicate with a plurality ofwireless devices configured for wireless communication; a processorconfigured to: identify a particular wireless device of the plurality ofwireless devices for adjustment of predistortion parameters used by theparticular wireless device when transmitting a signal; send commands tothe particular wireless device and to one or more participating wirelessdevices to initiate a training session; receive measurement data fromthe one or more participating wireless devices based on reception oftest transmissions from the particular wireless device during thetraining session; and determine predistortion parameters for use by theparticular wireless device based on the measurement data received fromthe one or more participating wireless devices.
 10. The apparatus ofclaim 9, wherein the processor is configured to send a transmissioncommand to the particular wireless device to configure the particularwireless device to generate and transmit test transmissions comprisingmultiple symbols or sets of symbols, each symbol or set of symbols withdifferent predistortion parameters during the training session.
 11. Theapparatus of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured tosend reception ready commands to the one or more participating wirelessdevices to configure the one or more participating wireless devices toreceive and make measurements on the test transmissions, to receivemeasurement data generated at the one or more participating wirelessdevices from reception of the test transmissions, to apply a costfunction to the measurement data to determine predistortion parametersused during the training session that satisfies the cost function, andto send to the particular wireless device a message that identifies orcontains the predistortion parameters determined to satisfy the costfunction.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processor isconfigured to send the transmission and the reception ready commands,during a first phase, to cause the particular wireless device to sendthe test transmissions on an operating channel of the particularwireless device for reception by the one or more participating wirelessdevices and during a second phase, to cause the particular wirelessdevice to send the test transmissions on a channel that is adjacent tothe operating channel, and to receive error vector magnitude measurementdata generated by the one or more participating wireless devices fromreception of the test transmissions during the first phase and toreceive adjacent channel power measurement data generated by the one ormore participating wireless devices from reception of the testtransmissions during the second phase.
 13. The apparatus of claim 12,wherein the processor is configured to apply the cost function to themeasurement data so as to weight the adjacent channel power measurementdata and the error vector magnitude measurement data depending on adistance of the adjacent channel power measurement data and the errorvector magnitude measurement data to respective desired values and basedon operating requirements of the particular wireless device.
 14. Atangible processor readable memory encoded with instructions that, whenexecuted by a processor, cause the processor to: identify a particularwireless device of a plurality of wireless devices for adjustment ofpredistortion parameters used by the particular wireless device whentransmitting a signal; send commands to the particular wireless deviceand to one or more participating wireless devices of the plurality ofwireless devices to initiate a training session; receive measurementdata from the one or more participating wireless devices based onreception of test transmissions from the particular wireless deviceduring the training session; and determine predistortion parameters foruse by the particular wireless device based on the measurement datareceived from the one or more participating wireless devices.
 15. Thetangible processor readable medium of claim 14, further comprisinginstructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processorto identify the one or more participating wireless devices toparticipate in the training session during which the particular wirelessdevice makes test transmissions and the one or more participatingwireless devices make measurements based on reception of the testtransmissions sent by the particular wireless device;
 16. The tangibleprocessor readable medium of claim 15, wherein the instructions that,when executed by the processor, cause the processor to send commandscomprise instructions that cause the processor to send a transmissioncommand to the particular wireless device to configure the particularwireless device to generate and transmit test transmissions comprisingmultiple symbols or sets of symbols, each symbol or set of symbols withdifferent predistortion parameters during the training session, and tosend reception ready commands to the one or more participating wirelessdevices to configure the one or more participating wireless devices toreceive and make measurements on the test transmissions.
 17. Thetangible processor readable medium of claim 14, wherein the instructionsthat cause the processor to determine comprise instructions that causethe processor to apply a cost function to the measurement data todetermine predistortion parameters used during the training session thatsatisfy the cost function.
 18. The tangible processor readable medium ofclaim 14, further comprising instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, cause the processor to send to the particular wireless devicea message that identifies or contains the predistortion parametersdetermined to satisfy the cost function.
 19. The tangible processorreadable medium of claim 14, further comprising instructions, that, whenexecuted by the processor, cause the processor to send the transmissionand the reception ready commands, during a first phase, to cause theparticular wireless device to send the test transmissions on anoperating channel of the particular wireless device for reception by theone or more participating wireless devices and during a second phase, tocause the particular wireless device to send the test transmissions on achannel that is adjacent to the operating channel, and wherein theinstructions that cause the processor to receive comprise instructionsthat cause the processor to receive error vector magnitude measurementdata generated by the one or more participating wireless devices fromreception of the test transmissions during the first phase and adjacentchannel power measurement data generated by the one or moreparticipating wireless devices from reception of the test transmissionsduring the second phase.
 20. The tangible processor readable medium ofclaim 14, further comprising instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, cause the processor to determine whether to initiate a fasttuning procedure or a full training procedure during the trainingsession, wherein for the fast tuning procedure, the instructions causethe processor to send commands to the particular wireless device toconfigure the particular wireless device to send the test transmissionswith predistortion coefficients currently used by the particularwireless device and with a plurality of scaling factors applied to abaseband signal that is supplied as input to a predistortion module inthe particular wireless device, such that the particular wireless devicetransmits each symbol or set of symbols with a different scaling factor,and wherein the instructions that cause the processor to determinecomprise instructions that cause the processor to determine one of theplurality of scaling factors that satisfies a cost function, and whereinfor a full training procedure, the instructions cause the processor tosend commands to the particular wireless device to configure theparticular wireless device to send the test transmissions with aplurality of different predistortion weights used by the predistortionmodule in the particular wireless device, such that the particularwireless device transmits each symbol or set of symbols with differentpredistortion weights, and wherein the instructions that cause theprocessor to determine comprise instructions that cause the processor todetermine one of the plurality of predistortion weights that satisfiesthe cost function.
 21. The tangible processor readable medium of claim20, wherein for the fast tuning procedure, the instructions that causethe processor to determine comprise instructions that cause theprocessor to determine whether any of the plurality of scaling factorsis sufficient and if not, the instructions cause the processor to sendcommands to the particular wireless device and to the one or moreparticipating wireless devices for another training session with adifferent plurality of scaling factors, and for the full trainingprocedure, the instructions that cause the processor to determinecomprise instructions that cause the processor to determine whether anyof the plurality of predistortion coefficients are sufficient and ifnot, the instructions cause the processor to send commands to theparticular wireless device and to the one or more participating wirelessdevices for another training session with a different plurality ofpredistortion coefficients.